Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.
62. Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns, and fall into two classes, -
1. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
2. Adjectives of the Third Declension.
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
63. In these the Masculine is declined like hortus, puer, or ager, the Feminine like porta, and the Neuter like bellum. Thus, Masculine like hortus: -
|
Bonus, good. SINGULAR. |
|||
| MASCULINE. | FEMININE. | NEUTER. | |
| Nom. | bonus | bona | bonum |
| Gen. | bonī | bonae | bonī |
| Dat. | bonō | bonae | bonō |
| Acc. | bonum | bonam | bonum |
| Voc. | bone | bona | bonum |
| Abl. | bonō | bonā | bonō |
|
PLURAL. |
|||
| Nom. | bonī | bonae | bona |
| Gen. | bonōrum | bonārum | bonōrum |
| Dat. | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
| Acc. | bonōs | bonās | bona |
| Voc. | bonī | bonae | bona |
| Abl. | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
1. The Gen. Sing. Masc. and Neut. of Adjectives in -ius ends in -iī (not in -ī as in case of Nouns; see § 25, 1; 2). So also the Voc. Sing. of such Adjectives ends in -ie, not in ī. Thus eximius forms Gen. eximiī; Voc. eximie.
2. Distributives (see § 78, 1, c) regularly form the Gen. Plu. Masc. and Neut. in -um instead of -ōrum (compare § 25, 6); as, dēnum centēnum; but always singulōrum.
64. Masculine like puer: -
|
Tener, tender. SINGULAR. |
|||
| MASCULINE. | FEMININE | NEUTER. | |
| Nom. | tener | tenera | tenerum |
| Gen. | tenerī | tenerae | tenerī |
| Dat. | tenerō | tenerae | tenerō |
| Acc. | tenerum | teneram | tenerum |
| Voc. | tener | tenera | tenerum |
| Abl. | tenerō | tenerā | tenerō |
|
PLURAL. |
|||
| Nom. | tenerī | tenerae | tenera |
| Gen. | tenerōrum | tenerārum | tenerōrum |
| Dat. | tenerīs | tenerīs | tenerīs |
| Acc. | tenerōs | tenerās | tenera |
| Voc. | tenerī | tenerae | tenera |
| Abl. | tenerīs | tenerīs | tenerīs |
65. Masculine like ager: -
|
Sacer, sacred. SINGULAR. |
|||
| MASCULINE. | FEMININE. | NEUTER. | |
| Nom. | sacer | sacra | sacrum |
| Gen. | sacrī | sacrae | sacrī |
| Dat. | sacrō | sacrae | sacrō |
| Acc. | sacrum | sacram | sacrum |
| Voc. | sacer | sacra | sacrum |
| Abl. | sacrō | sacrā | sacrō |
|
PLURAL. |
|||
| Nom. | sacrī | sacrae | sacra |
| Gen. | sacrōrum | sacrārum | sacrōrum |
| Dat. | sacrīs | sacrīs | sacrīs |
| Acc. | sacrōs | sacrās | sacra |
| Voc. | sacrī | sacrae | sacra |
| Abl. | sacrīs | sacrīs | sacrīs |
1. Most adjectives in -er are declined like sacer. The following however, are declined like tener: asper, rough; lacer, torn; līber, free; miser, wretched; prōsper, prosperous; compounds in -fer and -ger; sometimes dexter, right.
2. Satur, full, is declined: satur, satura, saturum.
66. Here belong -
| alius, another; | alter, the other; | |
| ūllus, any; | nūllus, none; | |
| uter, which? (of two); | neuter, neither; | |
| sōlus, alone; | tōtus, whole; | |
| ūnus, one, alone. | ||
They are declined as follows: -
| SINGULAR. | ||||||
| MASCULINE. | FEMININE. | NEUTER. | MASCULINE. | FEMININE. | NEUTER. | |
| Nom. | alius | alia | aliud | alter | altera | alterum |
| Gen. | alterĭus | alterĭus | alterĭus[15] | alterĭus | alterĭus | alterĭus |
| Dat. | aliī | aliī | aliī | alterī | alterī[16] | alterī |
| Acc. | alium | aliam | aliud | alterum | alteram | alterum |
| Voc. | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - |
| Abl. | aliō | aliā | aliō | alterō | alterā | alterō |
|
|
||||||
| Nom. | uter | utra | utrum | tōtus | tōta | tōtum |
| Gen. | utrīus | utrīus | utrīus | tōtīus | tōtīus | tōtīus |
| Dat. | utrī | utrī | utrī | tōtī | tōtī | tōtī |
| Acc. | utrum | utram | utrum | tōtum | tōtam | tōtum |
| Voc. | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - | - - |
| Abl. | utrō | utrā | utrō | tōtō | tōtā | tōtō |
1. All these words lack the Vocative. The Plural is regular.
2. Neuter is declined like uter.
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
67. These fall into three classes, -
1. Adjectives of three terminations in the Nominative Singular, - one for each gender.
2. Adjectives of two terminations.
3. Adjectives of one termination.
a. With the exception of Comparatives, and a few other words mentioned below in § 70, 1, all Adjectives of the Third Declension follow the inflection of ĭ-stems; i.e. they have the Ablative Singular in -ī, the Genitive Plural in -ium, the Accusative Plural in -īs (as well as -ēs) in the Masculine and Feminine, and the Nominative and Accusative Plural in -ia in Neuters.
68. These are declined as follows: -
|
Ācer, sharp. SINGULAR. |
|||
| MASCULINE. | FEMININE. | NEUTER. | |
| Nom. | ācer | ācris | ācre |
| Gen. | ācris | ācris | ācris |
| Dat. | ācrī | ācrī | ācrī |
| Acc. | ācrem | ācrem | ācre |
| Voc. | ācer | ācris | ācre |
| Abl. | ācrī | ācrī | ācrī |
|
PLURAL. |
|||
| Nom. | ācrēs | ācrēs | ācria |
| Gen. | ācrium | ācrium | ācrium |
| Dat, | ācribus | ācribus | ācribus |
| Acc. | ācrēs, -īs | ācrēs, -īs | ācria |
| Voc. | ācrēs | ācrēs | ācria |
| Abl. | ācribus | ācribus | ācribus |
1. Like ācer are declined alacer, lively; campester, level; celeber, famous; equester, equestrian; palūster, marshy; pedester, pedestrian; puter, rotten; salūber, wholesome; silvester, woody; terrester, terrestrial; volucer, winged; also names of months in -ber, as September.
2. Celer, celeris, celere, swift, retains the e before r, but lacks the Genitive Plural.
3. In the Nominative Singular of Adjectives of this class the Feminine form is sometimes used for the Masculine. This is regularly true of salūbris, silvestris, and terrestris. In case of the other words in the list, the use of the Feminine for the Masculine is confined chiefly to early and late Latin, and to poetry.
69. These are declined as follows: -
| Fortis, strong. | Fortior, stronger. | |||
| SINGULAR. | ||||
| M. AND F. | NEUT. | M. AND F. | NEUT. | |
| Nom. | fortis | forte | fortior | fortius |
| Gen. | fortis | fortis | fortiōris | fortiōris |
| Dat. | fortī | fortī | fortiōrī | fortiōrī |
| Acc. | fortem | forte | fortiōrem | fortius |
| Voc. | fortis | forte | fortior | fortius |
| Abl. | fortī | fortī | fortiōre | fortiōre |
|
PLURAL. |
||||
| Nom. | fortēs | fortia | fortiōrēs | fortiōra |
| Gen. | fortium | fortium | fortiōrum | fortiōrum |
| Dat. | fortibus | fortibus | fortiōribus | fortiōribus |
| Acc. | fortēs, -īs | fortia | fortiōrēs, -īs | fortiōra |
| Voc. | fortēs | fortia | fortiōrēs | fortiōra |
| Abl. | fortibus | fortibus | fortiōribus | fortiōribus |
1. Fortior is the Comparative of fortis. All Comparatives are regularly declined in the same way. The Acc. Plu. in -īs is rare.
70.
| Fēlīx, happy.. | Prūdēns, prudent. | |||
|
SINGULAR. |
||||
| M. AND F. | NEUT. | M. AND F. | NEUT. | |
| Nom. | fēlīx | fēlīx | prūdēns | prūdēns |
| Gen. | fēlīcīs | fēlīcis | prūdentis | prūdentis |
| Dat. | fēlīcī | fēlīcī | prūdentī | prūdentī |
| Acc. | fēlīcem | fēlīx | prūdentem | prūdēns |
| Voc. | fēlīx | fēlīx | prūdēns | prūdēns |
| Abl. | fēlīcī | fēlīcī | prūdentī | prūdentī |
|
PLURAL. |
||||
| Nom. | fēlīcēs | fēlīcia | prūdentēs | prūdentia |
| Gen. | fēlīcium | fēlīcium | prūdentium | prūdentium |
| Dat. | fēlīcibus | fēlīcibus | prūdentibus | prūdentibus |
| Acc. | fēlīcēs, -īs | fēlīcia | prūdentēs, -īs | prūdentia |
| Voc. | fēlīcēs | fēlīcia | prūdentēs | prūdentia |
| Abl. | fēlīcibus | fēlīcibus | prūdentibus | prūdentibus |
|
Vetus, old. |
Plūs, more. |
|||
|
SINGULAR. |
||||
| M. AND F. | NEUT. | M. AND F. | NEUT. | |
| Nom. | vetus | vetus | - - | plūs |
| Gen. | veteris | veteris | - - | plūris |
| Dat. | veterī | veterī | - - | - - |
| Acc. | veterem | vetus | - - | plūs |
| Voc. | vetus | vetus | - - | - - |
| Abl. | vetere | vetere | - - | plūre |
|
PLURAL. |
||||
| Nom. | veterēs | vetera | plūrēs | plūra |
| Gen. | veterum | veterum | plūrium | plūrium |
| Dat. | veteribus | veteribus | plūribus | plūribus |
| Acc. | veterēs | vetera | plūrēs, -īs | plūra |
| Voc. | veterēs | vetera | - - | - - |
| Abl. | veteribus | veteribus | plūribus | plūribus |
1. It will be observed that vetus is declined as a pure Consonant-Stem; i.e. Ablative Singular in -e, Genitive Plural in -um, Nominative Plural Neuter in -a, and Accusative Plural Masculine and Feminine in -ēs only. In the same way are declined compos, controlling; dīves, rich; particeps, sharing; pauper, poor; prīnceps, chief; sōspes, safe; superstes, surviving. Yet dīves always has Neut. Plu. dītia.
2. Inops, needy, and memor, mindful, have Ablative Singular inopī, memorī, but Genitive Plural inopum, memorum.
3. Participles in -āns and -ēns follow the declension of ī-stems. But they do not have -ī the Ablative, except when employed as adjectives; when used as participles or as substantives, they have -e; as, -
ā sapientī virō, by a wise man; but
ā sapiente, by a philosopher.
Tarquiniō rēgnante, under the reign of Tarquin.
4. Plūs, in the Singular, is always a noun.
5. In the Ablative Singular, adjectives, when used as substantives, -
a) usually retain the adjective declension; as, -
aequālis, contemporary, Abl. aequālī.
cōnsulāris, ex-consul, Abl. cōnsulārī
So names of Months; as, Aprīlī, April; Decembrī, December.
b) But adjectives used as proper names have -e in the Ablative Singular; as, Celere, Celer; Juvenāle, Juvenal.
c) Patrials in -ās, -ātis and -īs, -ītis, when designating places regularly have -ī; as, in Arpīnātī, on the estate at Arpinum, yet -e, when used of persons; as, ab Arpīnāte, by an Arpinatian.
6. A very few indeclinable adjectives occur, the chief of which are frūgī, frugal; nēquam, worthless.
7. In poetry, adjectives and participles in -ns sometimes form the Gen. Plu. in -um instead of -ium; as, venientum, of those coming.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
71. 1. There are three degrees of Comparison, - the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.
2. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (Neut. -ius), and the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel; as, -
| altus, high, | altior, higher, | altissimus, highest, very high. |
| fortis, brave, | fortior, | fortissimus. |
| fēlīx, fortunate, | fēlīcior, | fēlīcissimus. |
So also Participles, when used as Adjectives; as, -
| doctus, learned, | doctior, | doctissimus. |
| egēns, needy, | egentior, | egentissimus. |
3. Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by appending -rimus to the Nominative of the Positive. The Comparative is regular. Thus: -
| asper, rough, | asperior, | asperrimus. |
| pulcher, beautiful, | pulchrior, | pulcherrimus. |
| ācer, sharp, | ācrior, | ācerrimus. |
| celer, swift, | celerior, | celerrimus. |
a. Notice mātūrus, mātūrior, mātūrissimus or mātūrrimus.
4. Five Adjectives in -ilis form the Superlative by adding -limus to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. The Comparative is regular. Thus: -
| facilis, easy, | facilior, | facillimus. |
| difficilis, diffcult, | difficilior, | difficillimus. |
| similis, like, | similior, | simillimus. |
| dissimilis, unlike, | dissimilior, | dissimillimus. |
| humilis, low, | humilior, | humillimus. |
5. Adjectives in -dicus, -ficus, and -volus form the Comparative and Superlative as though from forms in -dīcēns, -ficēns, -volēns. Thus: -
| maledicus, slanderous, | maledīcentior, | maledīcentissimus. |
| magnificus, magnificent, | magnificentior, | magnificentissimus. |
| benevolus, kindly, | benevolentior, | benevolentissimus. |
a. Positives in -dīcēns and -volēns occur in early Latin; as maledīcēns, benevolēns.
6. Dīves has the Comparative dīvitior or dītior; Superlative dīvitissimus or dītissimus.
72. Several Adjectives vary the Stem in Comparison; viz. -
| bonus, good, | melior, | optimus. |
| malus, bad, | pejor, | pessimus. |
| parvus, small, | minor, | minimus. |
| magnus, large, | major, | maximus. |
| multus, much, | plūs, | plūrimus, |
| frūgī, thrifty, | frūgālior, | frūgālissimus, |
| nēquam, worthless, | nēquior, | nēquissimus. |
73. 1. Positive lacking entirely, -
| (Cf. prae, in front of.) | prior, former, | prīmus, first |
| (Cf. citrā, this side of.) | citerior, on this side, | citimus, near. |
| (Cf. ultrā, beyond.) | ulterior, farther, | ultimus, farthest. |
| (Cf. intrā, within.) | interior, inner, | intimus, inmost |
| (Cf. prope, near.) | propior, nearer, | proximus, nearest. |
| (Cf. dē, down.) | dēterior, inferior, | dēterrimus, worst. |
| (Cf. archaic potis, possible.) | potior, preferable, | potissimus, chiefest |
2. Positive occurring only in special cases, -
|
posterō diē, annō, etc. the following
day, etc., posterī, descendants, |
posterior, later, |
postrēmus, latest, last. postumus, late-born, posthumous. |
|
exteri, foreigners, nātiōnēs exterae, foreign nations, |
exterior, outer | extrēmus, extimus, outermost. |
|
inferī, gods of the lower world, Mare Inferum, Mediterranean Sea, |
īnferior, lower, | īnfimus, īmus, lowest. |
|
superī, gods above, Mare Superum, Adriatic Sea, |
superior, higher, |
suprēmus, last. summus, highest. |
3. Comparative lacking.
| vetus, old, | - - [17] | veterrimus. |
| fīdus, faithful, | - - | fīdissimus. |
| novus, new, | - - [18] | novissimus,[19] last. |
| sacer, sacred, | - - | sacerrimus. |
| falsus, false, | - - | falsissimus. |
Also in some other words less frequently used.
4. Superlative lacking.
| alacer, lively, | alacrior, | - - |
| ingēns, great, | ingentior, | - - |
| salūtāris, wholesome, | salūtārior, | - - |
| juvenis, young, | jūnior, | - - [20] |
| senex, old, | senior. | - - [21] |
a. The Superlative is lacking also in many adjectives in -ālis, -īlis, -ĭlis, -bilis, and in a few others.
74. Many adjectives do not admit terminational comparison, but form the Comparative and Superlative degrees by prefixing magis (more) and maximē (most). Here belong -
1. Many adjectives ending in -ālis, -āris, -idus, -īlis, -icus, imus, īnus, -ōrus.
2. Adjectives in -us, preceded by a vowel; as, idōneus, adapted; arduus, steep; necessārius, necessary.
a. Adjectives in -quus, of course, do not come under this rule. The first u in such cases is not a vowel, but a consonant.
75. Here belong -
1. Many adjectives, which, from the nature of their signification, do not admit of comparison; as, hodiernus, of to-day; annuus, annual; mortālis, mortal.
2. Some special words; as, mīrus, gnārus, merus; and a few others.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
76. Adverbs are for the most part derived from adjectives, and depend upon them for their comparison.
1. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive by changing -ī of the Genitive Singular to -ē; those derived from adjectives of the Third Declension, by changing -is of the Genitive Singular to -iter; as, -
| cārus, | cārē, dearly; |
| pulcher, | pulchrē, beautifully; |
| ācer, | ācriter, fiercely; |
| levis, | leviter, lightly. |
a. But Adjectives in -ns, and a few others, add -er (instead of -iter), to form the Adverb; as, -
| sapiēns, | sapienter, wisely; |
| sollers, | sollerter, skillfully. |
Note audāx, audācter, boldly.
2. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accusative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective; while the Superlative of the Adverb is formed by changing the -ī of the Genitive Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -ē. Thus -
| (cārus) | cārē, dearly, | cārius, | cārissimē. |
| (pulcher) | pulchrē, beautifully, | pulchrius, | pulcherrimē. |
| (ācer) | ācriter, fiercely, | ācrius, | ācerrimē. |
| (levis) | leviter, lightly, | levius, | levissimē. |
| (sapiēns) | sapienter, wisely, | sapientius, | sapientissimē. |
| (audāx) | audācter, boldly, | audācius, | audācissimē. |
77. 1.
| benĕ, well, | melius, | optimē. |
| malĕ, ill, | pejus, | pessimē. |
| magnopere, greatly, | magis, | maximē. |
| multum, much, | plūs, | plūrimum. |
|
nōn multum, little, parum, |
minus, | minimē. |
| diū, long, | diūtius, | diūtissimē. |
| nēquiter, worthlessly, | nēquius, | nēquissimē. |
| saepe, often, | saepius, | saepissimē. |
| mātūrē, betimes, | mātūrius, |
mātūrrimē. mātūrissimē. |
| prope, near, | propius, | proximē. |
| nūper, recently, | - - | nūperrimē. |
| - - | potius, rather, | potissimum, especially. |
| - - | prius, previously, before, | prīmum, first. |
| secus, otherwise, | sētius, less. |
2. A number of adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form an Adverb in -ō, instead of -ē; as, -
| crēbrō, frequently; | falsō, falsely; | |
| continuō, immediately; | subitō, suddenly; | |
| rārō, rarely, and a few others. | ||
a. cito, quickly, has -ŏ.
3. A few adjectives employ the Accusative Singular Neuter as the Positive of the Adverb; as, -
| multum, much; | paulum, little; | facile, easily. |
4. A few adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive in -iter; as, -
| fīrmus, fīrmiter, firmly; | hūmānus, hūmāniter, humanly; |
| largus, largiter, copiously; | alius, aliter, otherwise. |
a. violentus has violenter.
5. Various other adverbial suffixes occur, the most important of which are -tus and -tim; as, antīquitus, anciently; paulātim, gradually.
NUMERALS.
78. Numerals may be divided into -
I. Numeral Adjectives, comprising -
a. Cardinals; as, ūnus, one; duo, two; etc.
b. Ordinals; as, prīmus, first; secundus, second; etc.
c. Distributives; as, singulī, one by one; bīnī, two by two; etc.
II. Numeral Adverbs; as, semel, once; bis, twice; etc.
79. TABLE OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
| CARDINALS. | ORDINALS. | DISTRIBUTIVES. | ADVERBS. | |
| 1. | ūnus, ūna, ūnum | prīmus, first | singulī, one by one | semel, once |
| 2. | duo, duae, duo | secundus, second | bīnī, two by two | bis |
| 3. | trēs, tria | tertius, third | ternī (trīnī) | ter |
| 4. | quattuor | quārtus, fourth | quaternī | quater |
| 5. | quīnque | quīntus, fifth | quīnī | quīnquiēs |
| 6. | sex | sextus | sēnī | sexiēs |
| 7. | septem | septimus | septēnī | septiēs |
| 8. | octō | octāvus | octōnī | octiēs |
| 9. | novem | nōnus | novēnī | noviēs |
| 10. | decem | decimus | dēnī | deciēs |
| 11. | ūndecim | ūndecimus | ūndēnī | ūndeciēs |
| 12. | duodecim | duodecimus | duodēnī | duodeciēs |
| 13. | tredecim | tertius decimus | ternī denī | terdeciēs |
| 14. | quattuordecim | quārtus decimus | quaternī denī | quaterdeciēs |
| 15. | quīndecim | quīntus decimus | quīnī dēnī | quīnquiēs deciēs |
| 16. |
sēdecim, sexdecim |
sextus decimus | sēnī dēnī | sexiēs deciēs |
| 17. | septendecim | septimus decimus | septēnī dēnī | septiēs deciēs |
| 18. | duodēvīgintī | duodēvīcēsimus | duodēvīcēnī | octiēs deciēs |
| 19. | ūndēvīgintī | ūndēvīcēsimus | ūndēvīcēnī | noviēs deciēs |
| 20. | vīgintī | vīcēsimus | vīcēnī | vīciēs |
| 21. |
vīgintī ūnus, ūnus et vīgintī |
vīcēsimus prīmus, ūnus et vīcēsimus |
vīcēnī singulī, singulī et vīcēni |
vīciēs semel |
| 22. |
vīgintī duo, duo et vīgintī |
vīcēsimus secundus, alter et vīcēsimus |
vīcēnī bīnī, bīnī et vīcēnī |
vīciēs bis |
| 30. | trīgintā | trīcēsimus | trīcēnī | triciēs |
| 40. | quadrāgintā | quadrāgēsimus | quadrāgēnī | quadrāgiēs |
| 50. | quīnquāgintā | quīnquāgēsimus | quinquāgēnī | quīnquāgiēs |
| 60. | sexāgintā | sexāgēsimus | sexāgēnī | sexāgiēs |
| 70. | septuāgintā | septuāgēsimus | septuāgēnī | septuāgiēs |
| 80. | octōgintā | octōgēsimus | octōgēnī | octōgiēs |
| 90. | nōnāgintā | nōnāgēsimus | nōnāgēnī | nōnāgiēs |
| 100. | centum | centēsimus | centēnī | centiēs |
| 101. |
centum ūnus, centum et ūnus |
centēsimus prīmus, centēsimus et prīmus |
centēnī singulī, centēnī et singulī |
centiēs semel |
| 200. | ducentī, -ae, -a | ducentēsimus | ducēnī | ducentiēs |
| 300. | trecentī | trecentēsimus | trecēnī | trecentiēs |
| 400. | quadringentī | quadringentēsimus | quadringēnī | quadringentiēs |
| 500. | quīngentī | quīngentēsimus | quīngēnī | quīngentiēs |
| 600. | sescentī | sescentēsimus | sescēnī | sescentiēs |
| 700. | septingentī | septingentēsimus | septingēnī | septingentiēs |
| 800. | octingentī | octingentēsimus | octingēnī | octingentiēs |
| 900. | nōngentī | nōngentēsimus | nōngēnī | nōngentiēs |
| 1,000. | mīlle | mīllēsimus | singula mīlia | mīliēs |
| 2,000. | duo mīlia | bis mīllēsimus | bīna mīlia | bis mīliēs |
| 100,000. | centum mīlia | centiēs mīllēsimus | centēna mīlia | centiēs mīliēs |
| 1,000,000. | deciēs centēna mīlia | deciēs centiēs mīllēsimus | deciēs centēna mīlia | deciēs centiēs mīliēs |
NOTE. - -ēnsimus and -iēns are often written in the numerals instead of -ēsimus and -iēs.
80. 1. The declension of ūnus has already been given under § 66.
2. Duo is declined as follows: -
| Nom. | duo | duae | duo |
| Gen. | duōrum | duārum | duōrum |
| Dat. | duōbus | duābus | duōbus |
| Acc. | duōs, duo | duās | duo |
| Abl. | duōbus | duābus | duōbus |
a. So ambō, both, except that its final o is long.
3. Trēs is declined, -
| Nom. | trēs | tria |
| Gen. | trium | trium |
| Dat. | tribus | tribus |
| Acc. | trēs (trīs) | tria |
| Abl. | tribus | tribus |
4. The hundreds (except centum) are declined like the Plural of bonus.
5. Mīlle is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and indeclinable. In the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive of the objects enumerated; § 201, 1), and is declined, -
| Nom. | mīlia | Acc. | mīlia |
| Gen. | mīlium | Voc. | mīlia |
| Dat. | mīlibus | Abl. | mīlibus |
Thus mīlle hominēs, a thousand men; but duo mīlia hominum, two thousand men, literally two thousands of men.
a. Occasionally the Singular admits the Genitive construction; as, mīlle hominum.
6. Other Cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals and Distributives are declined like Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
81. 1. The compounds from 21 to 99 may be expressed either with the larger or the smaller numeral first. In the latter case, et is used. Thus: -
trīgintā sex or sex et trīgintā, thirty-six.
2. The numerals under 90, ending in 8 and 9, are often expressed by subtraction; as, -
duodēvīgintī, eighteen (but also octōdecim);
ūndēquadrāgintā, thirty-nine (but also trīgintā novem or novem et trīgintā).
3. Compounds over 100 regularly have the largest number first; the others follow without et; as, -
centum vīgintī septem, one hundred and twenty-seven.
annō octingentēsimō octōgēsimō secundō, in the year 882.
Yet et may be inserted where the smaller number is either a digit or one of the tens; as, -
centum et septem, one hundred and seven;
centum et quadrāgintā, one hundred and forty.
4. The Distributives are used -
a) To denote so much each, so many apiece; as, -
bīna talenta eīs dedit, he gave them two talents each.
b) When those nouns that are ordinarily Plural in form, but Singular in meaning, are employed in a Plural sense; as, -
bīnae litterae, two epistles.
But in such cases, ūnī (not singulī) is regularly employed for one, and trīnī (not ternī) for three; as, -
ūnae litterae, one epistle; trīnae litterae, three epistles.
c) In multiplication; as, -
bis bīna sunt quattuor, twice two are four.
d) Often in poetry, instead of the cardinals; as, -
bīna hastīlia, two spears.
[15] This is practically always used instead of alīus in the Genitive.
[16] A Dative Singular Feminine alterae also occurs.
[17] Supplied by vetustior, from vetustus.
[18] Supplied by recentior.
[19] For newest, recentissimus is used.
[20] Supplied by minimus nātū.
[21] Supplied by maximus nātū.