Bennett's New Latin Grammar
Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.
CHAPTER VI. - Particles.
COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.
341. Copulative Conjunctions. These join one word, phrase, or clause to another.
1.
a) et simply connects.
b) -que joins more closely than et, and is used especially where the two members have an internal connection with each other; as, -
parentēs līberīque, parents and children;
cum hominēs aestū febrīque jactantur, when people are tossed about with heat and fever.
c) atque (ac) usually emphasizes the second of the two things connected, - and also, and indeed, and in fact. After words of likeness and difference, atque (ac) has the force of as, than. Thus: -
ego idem sentiō ac tū, I think the same as you;
haud aliter ac, not otherwise than.
d) neque (nec) means and not, neither, nor.
2.
a) -que is an enclitic, and is appended always to the second of two words connected. Where it connects phrases or clauses, it is appended to the first word of the second clause; but when the first word of the second clause is a Preposition, -que is regularly appended to the next following word; as, -
ob eamque rem, and on account of that thing.
b) atque is used before vowels and consonants; ac never before vowels, and seldom before c, g, qu.
c) et nōn is used for neque when the emphasis of the negative rests upon a special word; as, -
vetus et nōn ignōbilis ōrātor, an old and not ignoble orator.
d) For and nowhere, and never, and none, the Latin regularly said nec ūsquam, nec umquam, nec ūllus, etc.
3. Correlatives. Copulative Conjunctions are frequently used correlatively; as, -
et ... et, both ... and;
neque (nec) ... neque (nec), neither ... nor;
cum ... tum, while ... at the same time;
tum ... tum, not only ... but also.
Less frequently: -
et ... neque; neque ... et.
a. Note that the Latin, with its tendency to emphasize antithetical relations, often uses correlatives, especially et ... et, et ... neque, neque ... et, where the English employs but a single connective.
4. In enumerations -
a) The different members of a series may follow one another without connectives (Asyndeton; see § 346). Thus: -
ex cupiditātibus odia, discidia, discordiae, sēditiōnēs, bella nāscuntur, from covetous desires spring up hatred, dissension, discord, sedition, wars.
b) The different members may severally be connected by et (Polysyndeton). Thus: -
hōrae cēdunt et diēs et mēnsēs et annī, hours and days and months and years pass away.
c) The connective may be omitted between the former members, while the last two are connected by -que (rarely et); as, -
Caesar in Carnutēs, Andēs Turonēsque legiōnēs dēdūcit, Caesar leads his legions into the territory of the Carnutes, Andes, and Turones.
342. Disjunctive Conjunctions indicate an alternative.
1.
a) aut must be used when the alternatives are mutually exclusive; as, -
cita mors venit aut victōria laeta, (either) swift death or glad victory comes.
b) vel, -ve (enclitic) imply a choice between the alternatives; as, -
quī aethēr vel caelum nōminātur, which is called aether or heaven.
2. Correlatives. Disjunctive Conjunctions are often used correlatively; as, -
aut ... aut, either ... or;
vel ... vel, either ... or;
sīve ... sīve, if ... or if.
343. Adversative Conjunctions. These denote opposition.
1.
a) sed, but, merely denotes opposition.
b) vērum, but, is stronger than sed, but is less frequently used.
c) autem, but on the other hand, however, marks a transition. It is always post-positive.
DEFINITION. A post-positive word is one that cannot begin a sentence, but is placed after one or more words.
d) at, but, is used especially in disputation, to introduce an opposing argument.
e) atquī means but yet.
f) tamen, yet, usually stands after the emphatic word, but not always.
g) vērō, however, indeed, in truth, is always post-positive.
2. Note the correlative expressions: -
nōn sōlum (nōn modo) ... sed etiam, not only ... but also;
nōn modo nōn ... sed nē ... quidem, not only not, but not even; as, -
nōn modo tibi nōn īrāscor, sed nē reprehendō quidem factum tuum, I not only am not angry with you, but I do not even blame your action.
a. But when the sentence has but one verb, and this stands with the second member, nōn modo may be used for nōn modo nōn; as, -
adsentātiō nōn modo amīcō, sed nē līberō quidem digne est, flattery is not only not worthy of a friend, but not even of a free man.
344. Illative Conjunctions. These represent the statement which they introduce as following from or as in conformity with what has preceded.
1.
a) itaque = and so, accordingly.
b) ergō = therefore, accordingly.
c) igitur (regularly post-positive[58]) = therefore, accordingly.
2. Igitur is never combined with et, atque, -que, or neque.
345. Causal Conjunctions. These denote cause, or give an explanation. They are nam, namque, enim (post-positive), etenim, for.
346. Asyndeton. The conjunction is sometimes omitted between coördinate members, particularly in lively or impassioned narration. Thus: -
a) A copulative Conjunction is omitted; as, -
avāritia īnfīnīta, īnsatiābilis est, avarice is boundless (and) insatiable;
Cn. Pompejō, M. Crassō cōnsulibus, in the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey (and) Marcus Crassus.
The conjunction is regularly omitted between the names of consuls when the praenomen (Mārcus, Gaius, etc.) is expressed.
b) An Adversative Conjunction may be omitted; as, -
ratiōnēs dēfuērunt, ūbertās ōrātiōnis nōn dēfuit, arguments were lacking, (but) abundance of words was not.
ADVERBS.
347. 1. The following particles, sometimes classed as Conjunctions, are more properly Adverbs: -
etiam, also, even.
quoque (always post-positive), also.
quidem (always post-positive) lays stress upon the preceding word. It is sometimes equivalent to the English indeed, in fact, but more frequently cannot be rendered, except by vocal emphasis.
nē ... quidem means not even; the emphatic word or phrase always stands between; as, nē ille quidem, not even he.
tamen and vērō, in addition to their use as Conjunctions, are often employed as Adverbs.
2. Negatives. Two negatives are regularly equivalent to an affirmative as in English, as nōn nūllī, some; but when nōn, nēmō, nihil, numquam, etc., are accompanied by neque ... neque, nōn ... nōn, nōn modo, or nē ... quidem, the latter particles simply take up the negation and emphasize it; as, -
habeō hīc nēminem neque amīcum neque cognātum, I have here no one, neither friend nor relative.
nōn enim praetereundum est nē id quidem, for not even that must be passed by.
a. Haud in Cicero and Caesar occurs almost exclusively as a modifier of Adjectives and Adverbs, and in the phrase haud sciō an. Later writers use it freely with verbs.
CHAPTER VII. - Word-order and Sentence-Structure.
A. WORD-ORDER.
348. In the normal arrangement of the Latin sentence the Subject stands at the beginning of the sentence, the Predicate at the end; as, -
Dārīus classem quīngentārum nāvium comparāvit, Darius got ready a fleet of five hundred ships.
349. But for the sake of emphasis the normal arrangement is often abandoned, and the emphatic word is put at the beginning, less frequently at the end of the sentence; as, -
magnus in hōc bellō Themistoclēs fuit, GREAT was Themistocles in this war;
aliud iter habēmus nūllum, other course we have NONE.
SPECIAL PRINCIPLES.
350. 1. Nouns. A Genitive or other oblique case regularly follows the word upon which it depends. Thus: -
a) Depending upon a Noun: -
tribūnus plēbis, tribune of the plebs;
fīlius rēgis, son of the king;
vir magnī animī, a man of noble spirit.
Yet always senātūs cōnsultum, plēbis scītum.
b) Depending upon an Adjective: -
ignārus rērum, ignorant of affairs;
dignī amīcitiā, worthy of friendship;
plūs aequō, more than (what is) fair.
2. Appositives. An Appositive regularly follows its Subject; as, -
Philippus, rēx Macedonum, Philip, king of the Macedonians;
adsentātiō, vitiōrum adjūtrīx, flattery, promoter of evils.
Yet flūmen Rhēnus, the River Rhine; and always in good prose urbs Rōma, the city Rome.
3. The Vocative usually follows one or more words; as, -
audī, Caesar, hear, Caesar!
4. Adjectives. No general law can be laid down for the position of Adjectives. On the whole they precede the noun oftener than they follow it.
a. Adjectives of quantity (including numerals) regularly precede their noun; as, -
omnēs hominēs, all men;
septingentae nāvēs, seven hundred vessels.
b. Note the force of position in the following: -
media urbs, the middle of the city;
urbs media, the middle city,
extrēmum bellum, the end of the war;
bellum extrēmum, the last war.
c. Rōmānus and Latīnus regularly follow; as, -
senātus populusque Rōmānus, the Roman Senate and People;
lūdī Rōmānī, the Roman games;
fēriae Latīnae, the Latin holidays.
d. When a Noun is modified both by an Adjective and by a Genitive, a favorite order is: Adjective, Genitive, Noun; as, -
summa omnium rērum abundantia, the greatest abundance of all things.
5. Pronouns.
a. The Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns regularly precede the Noun; as, -
hīc homō, this man;
ille homō, that man;
erant duo itinera, quibus itineribus, etc., there were two routes, by which, etc.
quī homō? what sort of man?
b. But ille in the sense of 'that well known,' 'that famous,' usually stands after its Noun; as, -
testula illa, that well-known custom of ostracism;
Mēdēa illa, that famous Medea.
c. Possessive and Indefinite Pronouns usually follow their Noun; as, -
pater meus, my father;
homō quīdam, a certain man;
mulier aliqua, some woman.
But for purposes of contrast the Possessive often precedes its Noun; as, -
meus pater, MY father (i.e. as opposed to yours, his, etc.).
d. Where two or more Pronouns occur in the same sentence, the Latin is fond of putting them in close proximity; as, -
nisi forte ego vōbīs cessāre videor, unless perchance I seem to you to be doing nothing.
6. Adverbs and Adverbial phrases regularly precede the word they modify; as, -
valdē dīligēns, extremely diligent;
saepe dīxī, I have often said;
tē jam diū hortāmur, we have long been urging you;
paulō post, a little after.
7. Prepositions regularly precede the words they govern.
a. But limiting words often intervene between the Preposition and its case; as, -
dē commūnī hominum memoriā, concerning the common memory of men;
ad beātē vīvendum, for living happily.
b. When a noun is modified by an Adjective, the Adjective is often placed before the preposition; as, -
magnō in dolōre, in great grief;
summā cum laude, with the highest credit;
quā dē causā, for which cause;
hanc ob rem, on account of this thing.
c. For Anastrophe, by which a Preposition is put after its case, see § 144, 3.
8. Conjunctions. Autem, enim, and igitur regularly stand in the second place in the sentence, but when combined with est or sunt they often stand third; as, -
ita est enim, for so it is.
9. Words or Phrases referring to the preceding sentence or to some part of it, regularly stand first; as, -
id ut audīvit, Corcyram dēmigrāvit, when he heard that (referring to the contents of the preceding sentence), he moved to Corcyra;
eō cum Caesar vēnisset, timentēs cōnfirmat, when Caesar had come thither (i.e. to the place just mentioned), he encouraged the timid.
10. The Latin has a fondness for putting side by side words which are etymologically related; as, -
ut ad senem senex dē senectūte, sīc hōc librō ad amīcum amīcissimus dē amīcitiā scrīpsī, as I, an old man, wrote to an old man, on old age, so in this book, as a fond friend, I have written to a friend, concerning friendship.
11. Special rhetorical devices for indicating emphasis are the following: -
a) Hypérbaton, which consists in the separation of words that regularly stand together; as, -
septimus mihi Orīginum liber est in manibus, the seventh book of my 'Origines' is under way;
receptō Caesar Ōricō proficīscitur, having recovered Oricus, Caesar set out.
b) Anáphora, which consists in the repetition of the same word or the same word-order in successive phrases; as, -
sed plēnī omnēs sunt librī, plēnae sapientium vōcēs, plēna exemplōrum vetustās, but all books are full of it, the voices of sages are full of it, antiquity is full of examples of it.
c) Chiásmus,[59] which consists in changing the relative order of words in two antithetical phrases; as, -
multōs dēfendī, laesī nēminem, many have I defended, I have injured no one;
horribilem illum diem aliīs, nōbīs faustum, that day dreadful to others, for us fortunate.
d) Sýnchysis, or the interlocked arrangement. This is mostly confined to poetry, yet occurs in rhetorical prose, especially that of the Imperial Period; as, -
simulātam Pompejānārum grātiam partium, pretended interest in the Pompeian party.
12. Metrical Close. At the end of a sentence certain cadences were avoided; others were much employed. Thus: -
a) Cadences avoided.
as, esse vidētur (close of hexameter).
as, esse potest (close of pentameter).
b) Cadences frequently employed.
as, auxerant.
as, comprobāvit.
as, esse videātur.
as, rogātū tuō.
B. SENTENCE-STRUCTURE.
351. 1. Unity of Subject. - In complex sentences the Latin regularly holds to unity of Subject in the different members; as, -
Caesar prīmum suō, deinde omnium ex cōnspectū remōtīs equīs, ut aequātō perīculō spem fugae tolleret, cohortātus suōs proelium commīsit, Caesar having first removed his own horse from sight, then the horses of all, in order, by making the danger equal, to take away hope of flight, encouraged his men and joined battle.
2. A word serving as the common Subject or Object of the main clause and a subordinate one, stands before both; as, -
Haeduī cum sē dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt, since the Haedui could not defend themselves, they sent envoys to Caesar;
ille etsī flagrābat bellandī cupiditāte, tamen pācī serviendum putāvit, although he was burning with a desire to fight, yet he thought he ought to aim at peace.
a. The same is true also
1) When the Subject of the main clause is Object (Direct or Indirect) of a subordinate clause; as, -
Caesar, cum hōc eī nūntiatum esset, mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī, when this had been reported to Caesar he hastened to set out from the city.
2) When the Subject of a subordinate clause is at the same time the Object (Direct or Indirect) of the main clause; as, -
L. Mānliō, cum dictātor fuisset, M. Pompōnius tribūnus plēbis diem dīxit, M. Pomponius, tribune of the people, instituted proceedings against Lucius Manlius, though he had been dictator.
3. Of subordinate clauses, temporal, conditional, and adversative clauses more commonly precede the main clause; indirect questions and clauses of purpose or result more commonly follow; as, -
postquam haec dīxit, profectus est, after he said this, he set out;
sī quis ita agat, imprūdēns sit, if any one should act so, he would be devoid of foresight;
accidit ut ūnā nocte omnēs Hermae dēicerentur, it happened that in a single night all the Hermae were thrown down.
4. Sometimes in Latin the main verb is placed within the subordinate clause; as, -
sī quid est in mē ingenī, quod sentiō quam sit exiguum, if there is any talent in me, and I know how little it is.
5. The Latin Period. The term Period, when strictly used, designates a compound sentence in which the subordinate clauses are inserted within the main clause; as, -
Caesar etsī intellegēbat quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, tamen, nē aestātem in Trēverīs cōnsūmere cōgerētur, Indutiomārum ad sē venīre jussit, though Caesar perceived why this was said, yet, lest he should be forced to spend the summer among the Treveri, he ordered Indutiomarus to come to him.
In the Periodic structure the thought is suspended until the end of the sentence is reached. Many Roman writers were extremely fond of this sentence-structure, and it was well adapted to the inflectional character of their language; in English we generally avoid it.
6. When there are several subordinate clauses in one Period, the Latin so arranges them as to avoid a succession of verbs. Thus: -
At hostēs cum mīsissent, quī, quae in castrīs gererentur, cognōscerent, ubi sē dēceptōs intellēxērunt, omnibus cōpiīs subsecūtī ad flūmen contendunt, but the enemy when they had sent men to learn what was going on in camp, after discovering that they had been outwitted, followed with all their forces and hurried to the river.
CHAPTER VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
352. In this chapter brief consideration is given to a few features of Latin diction which belong rather to style than to formal grammar.
NOUNS.
353. 1. Where a distinct reference to several persons or things is involved, the Latin is frequently much more exact in the use of the Plural than is the English; as, -
domōs eunt, they go home (i.e. to their homes);
Germānī corpora cūrant, the Germans care for the body;
animōs mīlitum recreat, he renews the courage of the soldiers;
diēs noctēsque timēre, to be in a state of fear day and night.
2. In case of Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used substantively, the Latin often employs the Plural where the English uses the Singular; as, -
omnia sunt perdīta, everything is lost;
quae cum ita sint, since this is so;
haec omnibus pervulgāta sunt, this is very well known to all.
3. The Latin is usually more concrete than the English, and especially less bold in the personification of abstract qualities. Thus: -
ā puerō, ā puerīs, from boyhood;
Sullā dictātōre, in Sulla's dictatorship;
mē duce, under my leadership;
Rōmānī cum Carthāginiēnsibus pācem fēcērunt = Rome made peace with Carthage;
liber doctrīnae plēnus = a learned book;
prūdentiā Themistoclīs Graecia servāta est = Themistocles's foresight saved Greece.
4. The Nouns of Agency in -tor and -sor (see § 147, 1) denote a permanent or characteristic activity; as, -
accūsātōrēs, (professional) accusers;
ōrātōrēs, pleaders;
cantōrēs, singers;
Arminius, Germāniae līberātor, Arminius, liberator of Germany.
a. To denote single instances of an action, other expressions are commonly employed; as, -
Numa, quī Rōmulō successit, Numa, successor of Romulus;
quī mea legunt, my readers;
quī mē audiunt, my auditors.
5. The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a Noun. In English we say: 'The war against Carthage'; 'a journey through Gaul'; 'cities on the sea'; 'the book in my hands'; 'the fight at Salamis'; etc. The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of expression. Thus: -
a) A Genitive; as, -
dolor injūriārum, resentment at injuries.
b) An Adjective; as, -
urbēs maritimae, cities on the sea;
pugna Salamīnia, the fight at Salamis.
c) A Participle; as, -
pugna ad Cannās facta, the battle at Cannae.
d) A Relative clause; as, -
liber quī in meīs manibus est, the book in my hands.
NOTE. - Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional phrases as Noun modifiers. This is particularly frequent when the governing noun is derived from a verb. The following are typical examples: -
trānsitus in Britanniam, the passage to Britain;
excessus ē vītā, departure from life;
odium ergā Rōmānōs, hatred of the Romans;
liber dē senectūte, the book on old age;
amor in patriam, love for one's country.
ADJECTIVES.
354. 1. Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are -
a) A Genitive; as, -
virtūtēs animī = moral virtues;
dolōrēs corporis = bodily ills.
b) An Abstract Noun; as, -
novitās reī = the strange circumstance;
asperitās viārum = rough roads.
c) Hendiadys (see § 374, 4); as, -
ratiō et ōrdō = systematic order;
ārdor et impetus = eager onset.
d) Sometimes an Adverb; as, -
omnēs circā populī, all the surrounding tribes;
suōs semper hostēs, their perpetual foes.
2. Often a Latin Noun is equivalent to an English Noun modified by an Adjective; as, -
doctrīna, theoretical knowledge;
prūdentia, practical knowledge;
oppidum, walled town;
libellus, little book.
3. Adjectives are not used in immediate agreement with proper names; but an Adjective may limit vir, homō, ille, or some other word used as an Appositive of a proper name; as, -
Sōcratēs, homō sapiēns = the wise Socrates;
Scīpiō, vir fortissimus = the doughty Scipio;
Syrācūsae, urbs praeclārissima = famous Syracuse.
4. An Adjective may be equivalent to a Possessive or Subjective Genitive; as, -
pāstor rēgius, the shepherd of the king;
tumultus servīlis, the uprising of the slaves.
PRONOUNS.
355. 1. In Compound Sentences the Relative Pronoun has a fondness for connecting itself with the subordinate clause rather than the main one; as, -
ā quō cum quaererētur, quid maximē expedīret, respondit, when it was asked of him what was best, he replied. (Less commonly, quī, cum ab eō quaererētur, respondit.)
2. Uterque, ambō. Uterque means each of two; ambō means both; as, -
uterque frāter abiit, each of the two brothers departed (i.e. separately);
ambō frātrēs abiērunt, i.e. the two brothers departed together.
a. The Plural of uterque occurs -
1) With Nouns used only in the Plural (see § 56); as, -
in utrīsque castrīs, in each camp.
2) Where there is a distinct reference to two groups of persons or things; as, -
utrīque ducēs clārī fuērunt, the generals on each side (several in number) were famous.
VERBS.
356. 1. In case of Defective and Deponent Verbs, a Passive is supplied: -
a) By the corresponding verbal Nouns in combination with esse, etc.; as, -
in odiō sumus, we are hated;
in invidiā sum, I am envied;
admīrātiōnī est, he is admired;
oblīviōne obruitur, he is forgotten (lit. is overwhelmed by oblivion);
in ūsū esse, to be used.
b) By the Passive of Verbs of related meaning. Thus: -
agitārī as Passive of persequī;
temptārī as Passive of adorīrī.
2. The lack of the Perfect Active Participle in Latin is supplied -
a) Sometimes by the Perfect Passive Participle of the Deponent; as, -
adhortātus, having exhorted;
veritus, having feared.
b) By the Ablative Absolute; as, -
hostium agrīs vāstātīs Caesar exercitum redūxit, having ravaged the country of the enemy, Caesar led back his army.
c) By subordinate clauses; as, -
eō cum advēnisset, castra posuit, having arrived there, he pitched a camp;
hostes quī in urbem irrūperant, the enemy having burst into the city.
3. The Latin agrees with English in the stylistic employment of the Second Person Singular in an indefinite sense (= 'one'). Cf. the English 'You can drive a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.' But in Latin this use is mainly confined to certain varieties of the Subjunctive, especially the Potential (§ 280), Jussive (§ 275), Deliberative (§ 277), and the Subjunctive in conditional sentences of the sort included under § 302, 2, and 303. Examples: -
vidērēs, you could see;
ūtāre vīribus, use your strength,
quid hōc homine faciās, what are you to do with this man?
mēns quoque et animus, nisi tamquam lūminī oleum īnstīllēs, exstinguuntur senectūte, the intellect and mind too are extinguished by old age, unless, so to speak, you keep pouring oil into the lamp;
tantō amōre possessiōnēs suās amplexī tenēbant, ut ab eīs membra dīvellī citius posse dīcerēs, they clung to their possessions with such an affectionate embrace, that you would have said their limbs could sooner be torn from their bodies.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
357. 1. To denote 'so many years, etc., afterwards or before' the Latin employs not merely the Ablative of Degree of Difference with post and ante (see § 223), but has other forms of expression. Thus: -
post quīnque annōs, five years afterward;
paucōs ante diēs, a few days before;
ante quadriennium, four years before;
post diem quārtum quam ab urbe discesserāmus, four days after we had left the city;
ante tertium annum quam dēcesserat, three years before he had died.
2. The Latin seldom combines both Subject and Object with the same Infinitive; as, -
Rōmānōs Hannibalem vīcisse cōnstat.
Such a sentence would be ambiguous, and might mean either that the Romans had conquered Hannibal, or that Hannibal had conquered the Romans. Perspicuity was gained by the use of the Passive Infinitive; as, -
Rōmānōs ab Hannibale victōs esse cōnstat, it is well established that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal.
PECULIARITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DATIVE.
358. 1. The English for does not always correspond to a Dative notion in Latin, but is often the equivalent of prō with the Ablative, viz. in the senses -
a) In defense of; as, -
prō patriā morī, to die for one's country.
b) Instead of, in behalf of; as, -
ūnus prō omnibus dīxit, one spoke for all;
haec prō lēge dicta sunt, these things were said for the law.
c) In proportion to; as, -
prō multitūdine hominum eōrum fīnēs erant angustī, for the population, their territory was small.
2. Similarly, English to when it indicates motion is rendered in Latin by ad.
a. Note, however, that the Latin may say either scrībere ad aliquem, or scrībere alicui, according as the idea of motion is or is not predominant. So in several similar expressions.
3. In the poets, verbs of mingling with, contending with, joining, clinging to, etc., sometimes take the Dative. This construction is a Grecism. Thus: -
sē miscet virīs, he mingles with the men;
contendis Homērō, you contend with Homer;
dextrae dextram jungere, to clasp hand with hand.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE GENITIVE.
359. 1. The Possessive Genitive gives emphasis to the possessor, the Dative of Possessor emphasizes the fact of possession; as, -
hortus patris est, the garden is my father's;
mihi hortus est, I possess a garden.
2. The Latin can say either stultī or stultum est dīcere, it is foolish to say; but Adjectives of one ending permit only the Genitive; as, -
sapientis est haec sēcum reputāre, it is the part of a wise man to consider this.
FOOTNOTES
[58] Except in Sallust and Silver Latin.
[59] So named from a fancied analogy to the strokes of the Greek letter Χ (chi). Thus: -
| multōs | laesī | |
| Χ | ||
| dēfendī | nēminem | |